{"id":2114,"date":"2008-12-22T10:49:18","date_gmt":"2008-12-22T16:49:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/cosmicvariance\/2008\/12\/22\/venus-hottentot-and-the-irony-of-science\/"},"modified":"2008-12-22T10:49:18","modified_gmt":"2008-12-22T16:49:18","slug":"venus-hottentot-and-the-irony-of-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/2008\/12\/22\/venus-hottentot-and-the-irony-of-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Venus Hottentot and the Irony of Science"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>One of the <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/cosmicvariance\/2008\/12\/17\/gabriela-montero\/\">other<\/a> good choices made by Obama&#8217;s inaugural planners was inviting <a href=\"http:\/\/www.elizabethalexander.net\/index.html\">Elizabeth Alexander<\/a> to compose and deliver a poem.  It&#8217;s not a well-established tradition.  Only two other Presidents have featured poets at their inaugurations:  John F. Kennedy and Bill Clinton.  And, of course, the mere mention of &#8220;poetry&#8221; gives folks an opportunity to <a href=\"http:\/\/ta-nehisicoates.theatlantic.com\/archives\/2008\/12\/and_you_always_fear_what_you_dont_understand.php\">burnish their anti-intellectual credentials<\/a> by pulling excerpts out of context and proudly proclaiming that they don&#8217;t get it.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ta-nehisicoates.theatlantic.com\/archives\/2008\/12\/because_its_fridayand_elizabeth_alexander_is_great.php#more\">Ta-Nehisi Coates<\/a> reprints Alexander&#8217;s best-known poem: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.elizabethalexander.net\/poems.html#VH\">The Venus Hottentot (1825)<\/a>.  The title refers to <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saartjie_Baartman\">Saartjie Baartman<\/a>, an African woman who was brought to Europe in 1810, where she was exhibited in circuses and at private salons for the wealthy.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"http:\/\/zar.co.za\/baartman.htm\"><img src='http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/cosmicvariance\/files\/2008\/12\/saartjie.jpg' alt='Saartjie Baartman' \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Baartman&#8217;s exotic physique and Khoikhoi ethnicity pushed all sorts of buttons in late Georgian England, where social reform movements jostled with the excitement of empire and a fascination with the Dark Continent.  She died in Paris in 1815, where she was examined and dissected by naturalist <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges_Cuvier\">Georges Cuvier<\/a>, who later wrote articles arguing that the form of her labia was evidence of the primitive sexual appetite of African women.  Baartman&#8217;s skeleton, brains and genitals were put on display at the Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Homme in Paris until 1974, when they were removed and put in storage; in 2002 her remains were repatriated to South Africa, where she was buried in the Gamtoos Valley.<\/p>\n<p>Alexander&#8217;s poem is extremely moving, a mediation on a meditation on power and hope and <a href=\"http:\/\/ta-nehisicoates.theatlantic.com\/archives\/2008\/12\/and_because_its_friday_3.php\">rage<\/a>, building to the devastating final lines:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>If he were to let me rise up<\/p>\n<p>from this table, I\u2019d spirit<br \/>\nhis knives and cut out his black heart,<br \/>\nseal it with science fluid inside<br \/>\na bell jar, place it on a low<br \/>\nshelf in a white man\u2019s museum<br \/>\nso the whole world could see<br \/>\nit was shriveled and hard,<br \/>\ngeometric, deformed, unnatural.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>My first reaction, however, was more exasperation than admiration.  The poem opens in the voice of Georges Cuvier:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Science, science, science!<br \/>\nEverything is beautiful<\/p>\n<p>blown up beneath my glass.<br \/>\nColors dazzle insect wings.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>You can guess where that&#8217;s going to go.  Of all the things the world needs right now, &#8220;more mockery of science by humanities-oriented intellectuals&#8221; is not one of them.  Yes, yes, we know:  science is cold, and clinical, and dehumanizing.  It also gave us penicillin, not to mention <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hKoB0MHVBvM\">Mentos &amp; Diet Coke<\/a>, so cut some slack, okay?  At the end of the day, anti-intellectualism is still anti-intellectualism.<\/p>\n<p>But upon reflection, I decided that my first reaction was unfair.  As <a href=\"http:\/\/obsidianwings.blogs.com\/obsidian_wings\/2008\/12\/saturday-poetry.html\">Hilzoy<\/a> very astutely points out, the poem&#8217;s opening in Cuvier&#8217;s voice is honestly beautiful and affecting, where it could have been nothing more than sarcastic.  The beauty of science can coexist with a shriveled heart.<\/p>\n<p>More importantly, as scientists we need to be able to take a little honest critique now and then and learn from it.  Although anti-science attitudes within the humanities can often be little more than a cheap pose, that doesn&#8217;t mean that science shouldn&#8217;t ever be examined critically.  Georges Cuvier&#8217;s crazy theories (he was also wrong about elephants, evolution, and continental drift, but did have some good ideas about dinosaurs) are just as much a part of the history of science as Newton or Darwin.  And the impulses behind them are as real today as they ever were.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s a cliche, but science is a human endeavor, and individual scientists are human beings.  Scientific theories stand independently from their originators, but the process of science and the motivations of its practitioners are neither more or less lofty, on average, than most other human activities.  The great thing about science is that, in the long run, empirical realities always win; if your theories aren&#8217;t right, they can&#8217;t survive.  But the long run can be pretty long, and in the short run there is a temptation to dress up one&#8217;s prejudices in the apparent objectivity of scientific practice.  In ideal circumstances, the harsh testing ground of experiment should keep us from drawing conclusions that aren&#8217;t supported by the data; but that&#8217;s a goal to which we aspire, not a virtue we are granted automatically by our lab coats and fancy math.<\/p>\n<p>Using the size of an African woman&#8217;s labia to draw conclusions about their primitive sexual appetites is no more sensibly &#8220;scientific&#8221; than believing that the proportion of women working as professional scientists (at this precise moment in history, in this precise part of the world) is a direct consequence of an underlying distribution of innate talents, unmediated by social factors.  But there is no shortage of people who sincerely think that way.  And the long run is sometimes longer than it needs to be.<\/p>\n<p>Text of the poem below the fold.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.elizabethalexander.net\/poems.html#VH\">The Venus Hottentot (1825)<\/a><\/strong><br \/>\nElizabeth Alexander<\/p>\n<p>1. Cuvier<\/p>\n<p>Science, science, science!<br \/>\nEverything is beautiful<\/p>\n<p>blown up beneath my glass.<br \/>\nColors dazzle insect wings.<\/p>\n<p>A drop of water swirls<br \/>\nlike marble. Ordinary<\/p>\n<p>crumbs become stalactites<br \/>\nset in perfect angles<\/p>\n<p>of geometry I&#8217;d though<br \/>\nimpossible. Few will<\/p>\n<p>ever see what I see<br \/>\nthrough this microscope.<\/p>\n<p>Cranial measurements<br \/>\ncrowd my notebook pages,<\/p>\n<p>and I am moving closer,<br \/>\nclose to how these numbers<\/p>\n<p>signify aspects of<br \/>\nnational character.<\/p>\n<p>Her genitalia<br \/>\nwill float inside a labeled<\/p>\n<p>picking jar in the Musee<br \/>\nde l&#8217;Homme on a shelf<\/p>\n<p>above Broca&#8217;s brain:<br \/>\n&#8220;The Venus Hottentot.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Elegant facts await me.<br \/>\nSmall things in this world are mine.<\/p>\n<p>2.<br \/>\nThere is unexpected sun today<br \/>\nin London, and the clouds that<br \/>\nmost days sift into this cage<br \/>\nwhere I am working have dispersed.<br \/>\nI am a black cutout against<br \/>\na captive blue sky, pivoting<br \/>\nnude so the paying audience<br \/>\ncan view my naked buttocks.<\/p>\n<p>I am called &#8220;Venus Hottentot.&#8221;<br \/>\nI left Capetown with a promise<br \/>\nof revenue: half the profits<br \/>\nand my passage home: A boon!<br \/>\nMaster&#8217;s brother proposed the trip;<br \/>\nthe magistrate granted me leave.<br \/>\nI would return to my family<br \/>\na duchess, with watered-silk<\/p>\n<p>dresses and money to grow food,<br \/>\nrouge and powders in glass pots,<br \/>\nsilver scissors, a lorgnette,<br \/>\nvoile and tulle instead of flax,<br \/>\ncerulean blue instead<br \/>\nof indigo. My brother would<br \/>\ndevour sugar studded non-<br \/>\npareils, pale taffy, damask plums.<\/p>\n<p>That was years ago. London&#8217;s<br \/>\ncircuses are florid and filthy,<br \/>\nswarming with cabbage-smelling<br \/>\ncitizens who stare and query,<br \/>\n&#8220;Is it muscle? bone? or fat?&#8221;<br \/>\nMy neighbor to the left is<br \/>\nThe Sapient Pig, &#8220;The Only<br \/>\nScholar of His Race.&#8221; He plays<\/p>\n<p>at cards, tells time and fortunes<br \/>\nby scraping his hooves. Behind<br \/>\nme is prince Kar-mi, who arches<br \/>\nlike a rubber tree and stares back<br \/>\nat the crowd from under the crook<br \/>\nof his knee. A professional<br \/>\nanimal trainer shouts my cues.<br \/>\nThere are singing mice here.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The Ball of Duchess DuBarry&#8221;:<br \/>\nIn the engraving I lurch<br \/>\ntoward the belles dames, mad-eyed, and<br \/>\nthey swoon. Men in capes and pince-nez<br \/>\nshield them. Tassels dance at my hips.<br \/>\nIn this newspaper lithograph<br \/>\nmy buttocks are shown swollen<br \/>\nand luminous as a planet.<\/p>\n<p>Monsieur Cuvier investigates<br \/>\nbetween my legs, poking, prodding,<br \/>\nsure of his hypothesis.<br \/>\nI half expect him to pull silk<br \/>\nscarves from inside me, paper poppies,<br \/>\nthen a rabbit! He complains<br \/>\nat my scent and does not think<br \/>\nI comprehend, but I speak<\/p>\n<p>English. I speak Dutch. I speak<br \/>\na little French as well, and<br \/>\nlanguages Monsieur Cuvier<br \/>\nwill never know have names.<br \/>\nNow I am bitter and now<br \/>\nI am sick. I eat brown bread,<br \/>\ndrink rancid broth. I miss good sun,<br \/>\nmiss Mother&#8217;s sadza. My stomach<\/p>\n<p>is frequently queasy from mutton<br \/>\nchops, pale potatoes, blood sausage.<br \/>\nI was certain that this would be<br \/>\nbetter than farm life. I am<br \/>\nthe family entrepreneur!<br \/>\nBut there are hours in every day<br \/>\nto conjure my imaginary<br \/>\ndaughters, in banana skirts<\/p>\n<p>and ostrich-feather fans.<br \/>\nSince my own genitals are public<br \/>\nI have made other parts private.<br \/>\nIn my silence I possess<br \/>\nmouth, larynx, brain, in a single<br \/>\ngesture. I rub my hair<br \/>\nwith lanolin, and pose in profile<br \/>\nlike a painted Nubian<\/p>\n<p>archer, imagining gold leaf<br \/>\nwoven through my hair, and diamonds.<br \/>\nObserve the wordless Odalisque.<br \/>\nI have no forgotten my Xhosa<br \/>\nclicks. My flexible tongue<br \/>\nand healthy mouth bewilder<br \/>\nthis man with his rotting teeth.<br \/>\nIf he were to let me rise up<\/p>\n<p>from his table, I&#8217;d spirit<br \/>\nhis knives and cut out his black heart,<br \/>\nseal it with science fluid inside<br \/>\na bell jar, place it on a low<br \/>\nshelf in a white man&#8217;s museum<br \/>\nso the whole world could see<br \/>\nit was shriveled and hard,<br \/>\ngeometric, deformed, unnatural.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One of the other good choices made by Obama&#8217;s inaugural planners was inviting Elizabeth Alexander to compose and deliver a poem. It&#8217;s not a well-established tradition. Only two other Presidents have featured poets at their inaugurations: John F. Kennedy and Bill Clinton. And, of course, the mere mention of &#8220;poetry&#8221; gives folks an opportunity to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2114","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science-and-society","category-words"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2114"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2114\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2114"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/preposterousuniverse.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}